Memory loss is fuelled by gut microbes in ageing mice

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Some bacteria in the intestines of mice increase in abundance as the animals age.

Credit: Prof Cinti & V.

Gremet/Science Photo Library
A species of gut bacterium that proliferates as mice get older plays a part in the animals’ cognitive decline, a study finds 1 .

Researchers determined that the bacterium interferes with signalling along sensory nerves connecting the gut to the brain.

Although the experiments were conducted in mice, the gut–brain circuit that the team identified “is likely conserved in humans”, says David Vauzour, a biochemist at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK.

That would need to be confirmed, but if the circuit is present in humans, then this research could reveal a mechanism that explains why people’s memory and ability to learn naturally decreases with age — and offer hope that gut-targeted therapies could reverse the decline.

The effects of the bacteria, which dampen the gut–brain circuit in mice, seem similar to other consequences of ageing.

“When we get older, we need things like glasses and hearing aids,” says co-author Christoph Thaiss, an immunologist at Stanford University in California.

The study — published today in Nature 1 — shows that, just as ageing causes a decline in sensory perception of the external world, it might also be causing a loss of perception of internal signals, too, he says.

To explore how gut microorganisms contribute to ageing , the researchers housed ‘young’ mice that were two months old with ‘old’ mice that were 18 months old.

That’s like having a person in their late teens living in close quarters with a person in their late 50s.

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After a month of living in the same cage, the young mice began performing in a similar way to the old mice on a maze task and another memory test.

In the latter test, mice usually remember objects that they’ve seen before and therefore spend more time exploring new objects.

But the younger animals that had been housed with the old ones instead spent equal time investigating both familiar and new objects — just as their older counterparts did.

This indicated that they had lost their short-term memory.

“Their deficit was so profound, they were basically undistinguishable from the old mice,” says co-author Timothy Cox, a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

“It was almost unbelievable.”
What had changed was that the young animals’ microbiomes had become similar to those of the older mice.

By living in proximity and eating each other’s faeces, mice can easily transmit their gut microbes to one another.

The researchers suspected that one or more species of bacterium found in the gut of the old mice might be causing cognitive decline.

Therefore, they colonized young mice with various bacterial species and zeroed in on one in particular, Parabacteroides goldsteinii .

When the team transplanted this bacterium into young mice, it worsened their ability to remember objects that they had seen before.

In addition, giving old mice antibiotics that wiped out their gut bacteria or a phage therapy that killed P.

goldsteinii improved the animals’ performance on the same task — to levels comparable with those of young, healthy mice.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00768-6
Read the related News & Views: ‘ Gut microbes affect cognition during ageing ’.

Cox, T.

O.

et al.

Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10191-6 (2026).

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